A Protected Area's Importance and Performance:

The Barva Site of Braulio Carrillo National Park, Costa Rica

by:

Karen Parker, Department of Multi-Disciplinary Studies, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
Claudia Charpentier, Department of Biology, Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica
Steve Dennis, Department of Natural Resources, California State University at Chico, USA
Geralyn Dennis, Department of Natural Resources, California State University at Chico, USA

May 1999

Braulio Carrillo National Park is the largest protected area dose to San Jose, the capitol city of Costa Rica. Within its 40,000 hectares of cloud forests, the Barva site remains relatively isolated and with difficult access. In comparison to the numbers of increasing numbers of tourist arrivals to other parks in Costa Rica, Barva is unique in that it has not experienced an explosion of popularity with ecotourists in recent years.  All of this, however, is about to change: managerial objectives for Barva's future are based on increasing tourism with the intention to maintain integrity of the environment.  Yet no impact studies have been conducted at Barva, nor have there been any inquiries made to identify its users.  Visitor identification information is prologue to determining why, how and by whom the park is used, those experiential aspects of the facility which contributed to visitor satisfaction and dissatisfaction, and the overall performance of park management services and the park itself 'This study is based on the responses of 146 park visitors.

Introduction

The survey's results will be used to make recommendations the park administration should consider as they implement their tourism strategy, so as to provide excellence to visitors in the future as well as to prepare for those disturbances they will cause.  This study is a preliminary step in implementing the Limits of Acceptable Change System (LAC, to be discussed in this paper further on) at the Barva site. This study presents the first data of its kind to be made available to management of the Barva protected area.

Conceptual Framework

The Secretary of The Environment, Energy and Mines (MINAE) has created an institution that is responsible for conservation in Costa Rica, the National Conservation Area System (SINAC).  The country is divided into 11 Conservation Areas. Each one has a board for decision makings that includes community participants. These conservation areas consist of protected areas such as national parks, national forests and privately owned land as well. Each of the conservation areas is divided into sub-regions. The conservation area in this study is Cordillera Volcanica Central, the protected area is Braulio Carrillo National Park and the specific site is Barva Volcano located in the province of Heredia.

Visitor Profile

The fourth World Congress Meeting on Protected National Parks in 1992 spotlighted the necessity of being conscious of who uses protected areas as a direct means to precise and proper administration of such areas (Courrau, 1997). Additionally, several authors (Butler 1991, Dowling 1993, Fennel & Eagles 1990, McIntyre & Boay 1995) have addressed the necessity of tourist identification to determine what they value in their chosen destination sites, as well as the role this understanding plays in determining the sustainability of the area. In order 
approach issues concerning recreational use and maintenance strategies in conjunction with the protection of those resources which attract tourists in the first place, determinations of visitors' demographics, motivations and other visitation data become critical  players in  the approach park administrators  adopt,  as  'an  inadequate understanding of tourist behavior and recreational activity is compounded by incomplete knowledge or environmental processes (Pearce, 1985).

Management

The Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) System has been presented as model for environmental planners concerning those levels of change which management may deem appropriate for a wilderness area, though it may be applicable to a variety of settings.   Composing its nine steps include methodologies  for  monitoring  systems  and indicators for identifying and objectifying specific, alternative opportunities for land use. One of its signature characteristics is that it "leads to a high level of customer satisfaction" (Munasinghe and McNeely, 1994, pp.267). Adopting the LAC process means that park administrators identify the precise types of wilderness conditions and aim to achieve these conditions, as they are very vulnerable to any number of impacts upon them, including the effects of nature recreation (Stankey, et. al, 1985). The management of the Barva site currently follows those guidelines and recommendations  made by SINAC and  is managed by taking into account recommendations made by the CAPAS model, a sophisticated   environmental   planning   and monitoring  tool  sponsored  by  USAID  for implementation  throughout  Central  America, including the countries of Belize and Panama. In 1997 CAPAS produced the handbook for park managers in Central America which is now in use at Barva. (Courrau, 1997).

Importance

Visitors  were  asked  to  rate   several environmental aspects and services which could contribute to visitors' enjoyment levels within Barva, aspects which the park administration could be able to change if needed (Campos, 1999).

Performance

The results to this category are based directly on the evaluation of how well the area performed in providing the aspects of the park that were important for the visitor.

Motivations

The Barva site is very rustic.   Therefore, decisions concerning its visitation probably take its visual quality into account. For this study, visual quality is based on the products or satisfactions defined by Hull IV (1989).

Methodology

It was at the interface of the following situations that this survey was created:

Costa Rica has experienced a dramatic increase in its quantities of tourist arrivals within the past decade.  A significant amount of these tourists' motivations for choosing Costa Rica as their travel destination pertains to the uniqueness of its National Park system and the political stability of its government, as tourism development is increasingly perceived as being in harmony with the total environment   (Arias,   1989).   While   visitor identification research has been conducted in Costa Rican National Parks, nothing is known about those who do come to the Barva site.

Description of site

The Barva site of the Braulio Carrillo National Park is located 22 kilometers north of the capital city of San Jose. The land within its southwestern area has 4 volcanic peaks, one of which measures 2,840 meters. The now-dormant Barva Volcano is a main attraction to that area. Its volcanic eruptions have not occurred for some 3,000 to 5,000 years. Another part of this secluded area includes a mountain range containing a trio of peaks commonly known as The Three Marys, which stand at 2,900 meters.  Barva has a cloud forest and several riparian settings where numerous rivers and streams spring. It is a habitat for the Quetzal, as well as many other birds, mammals and reptiles (Valerio, 1999).

A former administrator of the area stated that, by law, a diameter of 2 kilometers around all craters in Costa Rica were declared  to be national parks. However, the Barva volcano was not considered a national park while neighboring volcanoes, Iraizu and Poas were. Due to the difficulty of access and the protection of some of the land owners, Barva was kept in relatively good condition and was officially acknowledged as part of a national park in 1978 (Herrera, 1999).

Research Objectives 

Research Design

According to Ritchie and Goelner (1994, pp.15) this type of research follows under the category of managerial research.  The authors attempted to determine if visitors to the Barva site perceived a need for changes, including those in infrastructure. Some decision-makers in this park's administration believe that Barva should be similar in those services and infrastructure offered at Poas National Park (Campos,1999).

The single research instrument used was a written questionnaire available in the English and Spanish languages, given to participants at the end of their visit to the park for completion.  Using bilingual English and Spanish speakers, the instrument was pre-tested for language continuity before being distributed. Each survey respondent was presented with a list of 14 different potential motivations for coming to the park.  Each of these questions used the 5-point Likert scale, where 5 indicated that the respondent  would "strongly agree," 4 indicated   that he/she "agrees," 3 indicated "neither agrees nor disagrees," 2 indicated he/she "disagrees" and 1 indicated he/she "strongly disagrees."

The importance of aspects which provided a pleasant visitor experience were determined with 14 variables.  These were measured with a 5-point Likert scale which ranged from highest importance (5), strong importance (4), importance (3), low importance (2), and not of importance (1).

Performance of the aspects of the park  were determined using a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from excellent performance (5), good performance (4), satisfactory importance (3), unsatisfactory importance (2) and poor performance (1). Following this, a set of 21 items were presented in the survey which  measured  the  importance  of  some recreational activities and forms of infrastructure that MINAE is considering to add to the park.

Visitors were able to state how important each potential recreational implementation would be to their level of future enjoyment of Barva.  This section was based on the same 5-point Likert scale that was used in the importance identification questions.  For each question that employed the Likert scale, only those responses with  means higher than 3.50 were considered to be of greatest significance to the study.

Contact Methodology

Due in part to information on visitor response rates and human interaction in Latin America (Mintzer & Swift, 1994), at least one person was consistently  needed  to  administer  survey distribution. One researcher was on-site to hand out surveys to visitors on Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays, and park rangers distributed them from Tuesday until Friday afternoon, when a researcher would arrive. The Barva site is closed on Mondays. Its hours of operation are 8 a.m. to 4 p.m..

Sampling

Survey distribution began on February 5, 1999, and was completed on April 7, 1999, within the time frame considered to be Costa Rica's high tourist season.  Because the Barva site receives so few visitors, questionnaires were given to each willing person alone or in   visitor groups with no discretionary basis.

Research Findings and Discussion

Profile of Visitors

Means of arrival

A total of 124 visitors contributed to this study. 48% were female and 52% were male. The mean age was 28 years old. 53.4% of the visitors arrived on foot, 17.8% by bus, 24% by car, 2.1 by taxi, 1.33% by rental car and 1.37% in an official vehicle. The results show that visitors were young adults that walked relatively long distances and harsh roads to get to the park.

Education Levels

Trends in this category indicated that 78% visitors had experienced some level of university education, 33.9% who had not yet completed these studies.. The highest level of education for 17.3% of users was graduation from college.   11% had completed Masters' degrees, and 7.9% had obtained doctorate or post-doctorate degrees.  15% of the users had graduated from high school, 3.9% from a technical high school, and 3.1% from elementary education.  These results are in agreement with Hendee's (1990) and others (Roggenbuck and Lucas, 1987) evaluations of nature recreationists' education levels. There was no difference for education levels of Costa Ricans compared with those education levels of users from other countries.

Nationality

Costa Ricans are the area's primary users, most of them living in the province of Heredia. 66.4% of respondents were from Costa Rica, 61% of which were residents of Heredia. 33.6% were from other countries.   Among the foreigners, the highest percentage (19.5%) was from the United States.

Motivations

Table 1. Motivations Users Had to Visit Barva Site.

Variable	Mean	SD
Enjoy a natural setting  Be physically active  Be outdoors  Learn about nature  Get away from the daily routine  Be with my friends  Relax  Have peace and quiet  Participate in park activities  Have a picnic  Meet new people  Be with my family  Play a sport  Drink alcoholic beverages	4.51  4.31  4.30  4.22  4.19  4.09  4.01  3.83  3.47  3.44  2.98  2.30  2.38  1.53	1.01  0.93  1.28  1.07  .99  1.28  1.22  1.49  1.33  1.34  1.49  1.60  1.51  1.23

The motivations users most strongly identified with their visit are presented in Table 1. According to Hull (1989, pp. 486-487) the descriptions of 'products' or benefits to be derived from the visual quality of a recreational attraction are. quality of outdoor recreation, emotion, appearance of forest, mental and physical health, among others. The study shows, that of the products of visual quality, those items related to emotional reaction had the highest agreement scores. Perhaps the products of the Barva experience are outside the range of feelings a person experience on a daily basis. 'Enjoy a natural setting' had the highest score (4.51) and 'relax' (4.01) was also important. Another product that was relevant for the visitors was their physical health. Items to be considered in this category are 'to be physically active' (4.31) and to 'be outdoors' (4.30). The last product, considered important for this study was mental health.  Visitors reported going to the Barva site in order to 'get away from daily routine' (4.19) and to 'be with friends' (4.09), both of which elicit emotional responses not felt on a daily basis.  These motivations should not be ignored as indeed "parks are ultimately social constructs; they are inventions created by society as a means of ensuring certain values deemed important that society, including recreational, scientific,  educational  and  economic.    To misunderstand or ignore the social definitions underlying such areas is, ironically, to jeopardize the very values for which they were created" (McCool and Stankey, 1993).

Results show that visitors revealed that a key outcome for that day was to experience "a natural setting". This is a remote location with a main trail that is relatively steep when hiking towards the lake and volcano area, it is not surprising that visitors ranked to "Be physically active" as the second-highest motivation for visiting the site. The fact that most people arrived with at least one other person, shows that acquaintances seek to share this wilderness space together in search of friendship.

It is clear that visitors do not go to this site to be with their families, and they are not interested in playing sports or drinking alcoholic beverages. Barva is a place visited to enjoy the magnificence of the volcano, its lake, flora and fauna.

Management

Table 2. Importance Given by Visitors to Aspects of Barva Site

Variable	Mean	SD
A natural setting  Lack of litter  No vandalism  Silence and tranquility  Nature Trails  Aesthetics  Courtesy of park rangers  Trail Maintenance  Rain shelters  Availability of restrooms  Ability to contribute donations  Very few trash cans  Ability to contribute by volunteering  Not seeing/hearing other people	4.67  4.63  4.59  4.56  4.48  4.35  4.31  4.25  3.83  3.70  3.69  3.47  3.33  3.14	0.08  0.73  0.95  0.74  0.80  1.03  0.86  0.92  1.24  1.33  1.23  1.28  1.34  1.35

People placed the highest level of importance on attractors such as the natural setting, nature trails, aesthetics silence and tranquility, courtesy of park rangers, trail maintenance, rain shelters, availability of restrooms, and ability to contribute to the park through donations (Table 2).  Results found in this study agree with  McCool and Stankey (1993) in terms of the importance of having nature trails to protect habitats from tourist impacts. Participants also gave importance to the absence of detractors such as litter and vandalism.  The results of importance of park aspects considered as attractors increased the enjoyment of visitors.  This finding can be complemented with the comments they wrote at the end of their surveys, in which some visitors recommended to "keep the park as it is now" and "congratulate park rangers for the excellent work in preserving the environment.

Table 3. Performance Given by Visitors to Aspects of Barva Site

Variable	Mean	SD
Silence and tranquility  Natural setting  Aesthetics  No vandalism (no grafitti, robbery)  Lack of litter  Courtesy of park attendants  Nature trails  Availability of restrooms  Trail maintenance  Rain shelters  Very few trash cans  Ability to contribute donations  Not seeing/hearing other people  Ability to contribute volunteering	4.60  4.57  4.54  4.53  4.51  4.49  4.23  4.12  3.98  3.95  3.90  3.90  3.68  3.49	0.65  0.67  0.80  0.81  0.72  0.76  0.99  0.96  0.94  1.11  1.11  1.04  1.14  1.19

From the high levels of importance that visitors gave the Barva site, it could be said that the performance of these variables was also of good quality.  The singular variable which performed lower by this study's standards was the ability to contribute to the park through volunteering. This variable's score correlates with the reality of the nonexistent volunteer situation at the Barva site. It was also ranked among the lowest variables in visitor importance as well.  It is at this point that the study's results concerning a volunteer advisory board become relevant. When asked about serving as a volunteer on a park advisory board, 66.7% indicated no and 33.3% indicated yes. Those who answered positively were asked to fill out a contact card attached to the last page of the survey.

Looking at the results, eight out of fourteen aspects were rated with good performance (Table 3). Among the highest values were: silence and tranquility, natural  setting,  and  aesthetics.  From  the perspective of visitors, this means that importance and performance of the site, is contributing to the overall enjoyment of tourists.

One variable that ranked low in both importance and performance was "Ability to contribute to the park through donations". The reason for this result is that current laws prohibit on-site donations. Donors must go to MINAE's headquarters in San Jose to make any and all contributions.  This system is very limiting for those visitors who do not have the time nor the desire to go to MINAE's.

The study shows that visitors to the Barva site give importance to attributes that are maintained by people with environmental values. Using Rokeach and  Cadutto's    (1985)  environmental  value classification, these are:  a love for people- most visitors were in groups of two or more'; a love for the Earth; a world of beauty- high scores of importance and performance were given to both a natural setting  and  aesthetics,  and  Barva  visitors recommended that very few interventions be made by park management, a result of which may not dramatically affect the balance of the ecosystems there.

Desirability of Future Site Aspects

Table 3. Desirability of Future Park Aspects

Variable	Mean	SD
Trashcans  Garbage collection  Lookout points  Maps  Environmental interpretation  Rooms  Easy access to the park  Restrooms  Printed materials  Nature guides  Children's play equipment  Picnic tables  Adequate parking  Beverage sales  Horseback rides  Food sales  Barbecue grills  More rain shelters  Open play areas  Sports courts  Soccer fields	4.33  4.11  4.06  3.99  3.97  3.74  3.71  3.66  3.58  3.50  3.36  3.15  3.02  3.00  2.85  2.79  2.58  2.54  2.37  2.02  1.95	1.10  1.19  1.07  1.09  1.09  1.42  1.35  1.39  1.29  1.25  1.51  1.34  1.56  1.47  1.47  1.41  1.52  1.24  1.39  1.45  1.45

These results tend to agree with both the current facilities at the Barva site and the profile of its visitors. Respondents placed the most importance to having more trash cans and garbage collection available. During the study litter was collected from trails, and perhaps the visitors think that an increase of garbage collection and trash cans would reduce or eliminate the problem. The fact that these were given importance by visitors could imply that they perceive litter as a potential problem in the park.  Before more trash cans are installed, an educational campaign should be started in order to increase visitor awareness concerning the final disposition of their trash. At this moment, there is no public system for garbage collection, and no solution its in the near future. Therefore, the pack-it-in, pack-it-out philosophy should be encouraged for visitor behavior at this site.

Three items that could represent changes in the park which were recommended were lookout points, rooms and restrooms. These results partly agree with infrastructure suggested in the Diagnosis of Braulio Carrillo National Park (Zuniga, 1998, pp.25). Park managers recommend to build a basic shelter, a visitor center with simple research facilities. These constructions will  provide rooms and restrooms which complement views of visitors.

Currently there are only two lookout or 'scenic view-' points and one bathroom accessible. There are no types of rooms available for overnight use at this time. However, camping is permitted with a maximum capacity of 25 visitors.

Visitors also encouraged the adoption of more trash cans to the site, and gave high importance to garbage collection. As Barva currently exists, there are only 3 trash receptacles which visitors have access to.  A need for more information and educational materials was also important. Visitors placed a moderate degree of importance on maps and environmental interpretation, as well as printed materials.

Park Management Issues

Visitors' perceptions of entrance fees

75% of visitors felt that the park entrance fee of ($6.00 for foreigners, $1.25 for residents and exchange students) was fair, while 16% believed it was very high and 8.5% believed it was very low. 63.7% of visitors believed that the money the park received from entrance fees contributed to keeping it well-maintained.  11.3% of people disagreed with this  philosophy,  and  25%  were  indifferent. According to managerial dispositions in MINAE, entrance fees received by all parks are channeled directly into one general park general management fund.

One question of importance to the MINAE agency is visitors' willingness to pay more in entrance fees in the future. (cite) This determining questioned was written as "If additional money was put directly back into this park and if the increase was fair to me, I would be willing to pay more to visit the park." Some 30.4% responded negatively, but the majority of visitors, 69.6%, responded positively. Of those 69.6% of visitors, 25% stated they would pay an increase of $0.55. 22% would pay $1.10 more, 22% would pay $1.38 more, 22% would pay $2.20 more, and 8.3% would pay $5.00. Any recommendations which could be made from the aforementioned information would be futile due to the current funding structure in place by park management. As already  stated,  one  general  fund  for  park management is responsible for receiving and allocating all park entrance fees. Therefore, even if the Barva site were to increase its entrance fees, this would not guarantee that more funding would then be allocated for its many services.

The site managers should be able to comply with the recommendations made by Courrau (1997, pp.3), which stated that "obtaining and organizing relative information to the natural processes, as well as changes in a protected area is of extreme importance for a person that makes decisions. Whatever activity that took place within a protected area must be monitored in order to prevent negative impacts in natural and cultural resources, and also as to maximize positive changes."

Recommendations

Based on the results of the study, the authors propose that the following recommendations be taken into consideration: 

Further Research Needed

This study had very specific objectives. However, as data and existing trends concerning the Barva site, the local community, the visitor profile and the plans of the park management continued to unfold, these authors realized that many other studies are needed here. These include environmental, cultural and psychological impacts of increased tourism to this area.

Another survey of this type is recommended, but to last for a longer period of time, and to include both the high- and low-tourist seasons.

References

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Hull  IV,  R.B.  (1989).  Forest  visual  quality management and research.  Outdoor Recreation Forum. USDA For Serv. Gen. Tech. Rept. SE-Si. Asheville, NC: Southeastern Forest Exp. Sta.

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Stankey, G., Cole, D. Lucas, R. Peterson, M. and Frissell, 5. (1985). The Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) system for wilderness planning.  Gen. Tech. Rep. INT- 176.  Ogden, Utah:  US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. pp. 5-14.

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Interviews

Campos, M. (1999) Administrator of the Barva Site, Braulio Carrillo National Park, Heredia, Costa Rica. April 14.

Herrera, H. (1999). Former Administrator of the Barva Site, Braulio Carrillo National Park, Heredia, Costa Rica. April 22.

Valerio, F. (1999)  Director, Sub-region Heredia, Area de Conservaci6n Cordillera Volcanica Central. Heredia, Costa Rica. April 19.

©First Pan-American Conference
Latin American Tourism in Next Millenium: Education, Investment and Sustainability
May 19-21, 1999 / Panama City, Panama
Editor: Professor Kaye Chon, University of Houston

Note: The above information is not to be used for any other purpose other than private study, research, criticism or review. Thank you.